Hygiene Practice and Health Seeking Behavior of

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Interaction of 2-aminopyrimidine with dichloro-[1-alkyl-2-(naphthylazo) imidazole]palladium(II) complexes : Kinetic and mechanistic studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The anticancer properties of <it>cis</it>platin and palladium(II) complexes stem from the ability of the <it>cis</it>-MCl₂fragment to bind to DNA bases. However, <it>cis</it>platin also interacts with non-cancer cells, mainly through bonding molecules containing -SH groups, resulting in nephrotoxicity. This has aroused interest in the design of palladium(II) complexes of improved activity and lower toxicity. The reaction of DNA bases with palladium(II) complexes with chelating N,N^/donors of the <it>cis</it>-MCl₂configuration constitutes a model system that may help explore the mechanism of <it>cis</it>platin's anticancer activity. Heterocyclic compounds are found widely in nature and are essential to many biochemical processes. Amongst these naturally occurring compounds, the most thoroughly studied is that of pyrimidine. This was one of the factors that encouraged this study into the kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of 2-aminopyrimidine (2-NH₂-Pym) with dichloro-{1-alkyl-2-(α-naphthylazo)imidazole}palladium(II) [Pd(α-NaiR)Cl₂, <b>1] </b>and dichloro-{1-alkyl-2-(β-naphthylazo)imidazole}palladium(II) [Pd(β-NaiR)Cl₂, <b>2] </b>complexes where the alkyl R = Me (<b>a</b>), Et (<b>b</b>), or Bz (<b>c</b>).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>2-NH₂-Pym reacts with <b>1a</b>, <b>1b</b>, and <b>1c </b>to yield [{1-alkyl-2-(α-naphthylazo)imidazole}bis(2-aminopyrimidine)]palladium(II) (<b>3a, 3b, 3c</b>) dichloride and with <b>2a, 2b, </b>and <b>2c </b>to yield [{1-alkyl-2-(β-naphthylazo)imidazole}bis(2-aminopyrimidine)]palladium(II) (<b>4a, 4b, 4c</b>) dichloride in an acetonitrile (MeCN) medium. The products were characterized using spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR). The ligand substitution reactions follow second order kinetics – first order dependence on the concentration of the Pd(II) complex and 2-NH₂-Pym. Addition of LiCl to the reaction does not influence its rate. The thermodynamic parameters (standard enthalpy of activation, Δ^‡H^°and standard entropy of activation, Δ^‡S^°) were determined from variable temperature kinetic studies. The magnitude of the second order rate constant, <it>k</it>₂, at 298 K, was shown to increase thus: <b>b </b><<b>a </b><<b>c </b>as well as <b>1 </b><<b>2</b>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The kinetics of the reaction between Pd(II) complexes (<b>1 </b>and <b>2</b>) and 2-NH₂-Pym were examined spectrophotometrically at 530 nm in MeCN under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rate is largely influenced by the π-acidity of the chelating ligand, with substitution in the naphthyl azoimidazole backbone influencing the rate of the substitution process. The activation parameters, Δ^‡H^°and Δ^‡S^°, were determined and support the kinetic rate data.</p

THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF MELATONIN AND KISSPEPTIN IN FISH REPRODUCTION

Reproduction of fish generally governed by the counter interaction of some endogenous and exogenous cues like endocrine signals and one or more environmental factors such as photoperiod, temperature, rainfall, food availability, salinity etc. Study indicates that it depends on hypothalamo-hypophysis-gonadal axis. In gonad, gametogenesis is ordered by various hormones followed by their interactions with proper tissues leading to breed at a specific time of the year. Melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone, has a significant physiological role in the regulation of seasonality and gonadal development of fish. On the other hand, receptor independent actions or free radical scavenging role of melatonin at different levels of hypothalamo-hypophysis-gonadal axis is not yet clear.&nbsp; In recent years, focus has been given to study the of kisspeptin peptides potentiality on gonadal development especially during the transitional period of puberty and gonadal relapse. The relationship of kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a good illustration of the kisspeptin system. The role of kisspeptin and melatonin in the reproduction of fish is an important subject of research. &nbsp;The potency of kisspeptin and melatonin on reproductive maturation and gonadotropin release in response to environmental cues and the regulation of secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by kisspeptin and melatonin are also the important objectives of the present review

Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy with tubal rupture: a case report and review of the literature

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Heterotopic pregnancy is diagnosed as the presence of two gestations simultaneously. This is a rare situation with a reported prevalence of 0.08% in normal conception.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report a case of a 24-year-old primigravida of Indian origin who was seen in the emergency department with a diagnosis of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. A careful ultrasound assessment led to the diagnosis of a heterotopic pregnancy. Immediate surgical intervention with supportive measures resulted in a successful outcome.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An obstetrician should keep in mind the occurrence of a heterotopic pregnancy while dealing with pregnant females. The ectopic gestation invariably ruptures over a period of time leaving the patient in an emergency situation. A quick assessment and careful handling of the normal gestation can lead the patient to term with gratifying results.</p

Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis: a rare entity with diagnostic conundrum

Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL) is a rare, usually benign disease primarily affecting premenopausal women. It is signalized by multiple smooth muscle nodules which grossly or radiologically may simulate peritoneal carcinomatosis or disseminated intraabdominal malignancies. A case study of 45 year female who presented with DPL after 8 years of hysterectomy is reported here

Design of Novel Fly-Back Converter Using PID Controller

ABSTRACT: Fly-back converters have been widely used because of the irrelative simplicity and their excellent performance for multi output applications. They can save cost and volume compared with the other converters, especially in moderate low power applications..In a fly-back converter, a transformer is adopted to achieve galvanic isolation and energy storage. Modelling is done without parasitic as well as with parasitic components. A detailed analysis, simulation and different control strategy are conferred for Fly-back converter. To verify the design and modelling at primary stage, study of the converter in for input AC voltage220V at 50Hz and output DC voltage of 440V and 150W output power rating. I.INTRODUCTION Fly-back converter is the most commonly used SMPS circuit for low output power applications where the output voltage needs to be isolated from the input main supply. The output power of fly-back type SMPS circuits may vary from few watts to less than 100 watts. The overall circuit topology of this converter is considerably simpler than other SMPS circuits. Input to the circuit is generally unregulated dc voltage obtained by rectifying the utility ac voltage followed by a simple capacitor filter. The circuit can offer single or multiple isolated output voltages and can operate over wide range of input voltage variation. In respect of energy-efficiency, fly-back power supplies are inferior to many other SMPS circuits but it&apos;s simple topology and low cost makes it popular in low output power range. The commonly used fly-back converter requires a single controllable switch like, MOSFET and the usual switching frequency is in the range of 100 kHz. A two-switch topology exists that offers better energy efficiency and less voltage stress across the switches but costs more and the circuit complexity also increases slightly. Parameters such as switching frequency, distortion, losses, harmonic generation and speed of response are typical of the issues which must be considered when developing modulation strategies for a particular family of converters .The DC converter is a device which transforms AC to DC i

Wind Energy Conversion System Connected With Grid Using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)

ABSTRACT-This paper deals with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) integrated with grid with two back to back connected converters with a common DC link. The aim of this research is to model control of direct driven 1.5 MW wind turbine permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) which feeds alternating current (AC) power to the utility grid .The machine side converter is used to extract maximum power from the wind. In this paper a study of WECS is done by using a constant speed direct-driven wind turbine in Matlab. Moreover, by maintaining the dc link voltage at its reference value, the output ac voltage of the inverter can be kept constant irrespective of variations in the wind speed and load. An effective control techniques to extract maximum power from wind turbine is maximum power point tracking controller (MPPT), grid side controller also called voltage controller, pitch controller, phase lock loop controller (PLL) also used in this project, transformer used for isolation purpose, crow bar circuit used for protection the whole system. KEYWORDS-Permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG), wind energy conversion system(WECS), back to back PWM converter IGBT based, DC link capacitor, Direct-Driven, MPPT controller, PLL loop, generator side converter control, grid side converter control, pitch controller, crow bar protection and transformer

Ectopic pregnancy: a diagnostic dilemma

Background: To study the etiology, varied clinical presentations and misdiagnosis in ectopic pregnancy.Methods: A retrospective analysis of all operated ectopic pregnancies over a 7 year period at Government Medical College & hospital, Chandigarh was done.  Details of clinical findings and misdiagnosis were noted.  Surgically confirmed cases were included in this study. Expectant management and Medical management cases were excluded in this study.Results: Two hundred eighty two cases of ectopic gestation were analyzed. Identifiable risk factor present in 221 cases (78.3%). Pain was the commonest presenting symptom and 78 cases (27%) were misdiagnosed before the correct diagnosis was made by our department.Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy can have varied presentations and misdiagnosis can be seen in Surgical, Medical and Gynaecology Departments. A young female with amenorrhea, pain abdomen with or without vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy must be kept in mind. Early diagnosis would help early intervention and thus reduce the morbidity

EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SULPHUR IN SOIL

to investigate the effect of pesticides, on the microbial transformation of sulphur (S) in soil. Insecticide (Endosulfan), fungicide (Dithane M-45), herbicide (2,4-D) were added to the soil at their recommended doses, respectively and their effect on the proliferation and potentiality of thiosulphate oxiding bacteria, aryl sulphatase, available and total sulphur were investigated in soil. The results of the present investigation revealed that insecticide, endosulfan effectuated a significant detrimental effect on some microbiological, biochemical and chemical properties in soil whereas fungicide, dithane M-45 caused a significant detrimental influence during the later stages in spite of stimulating influence at early stages incubation period. However, herbicide, 2,4-D, brought about a beneficial influence on the microbiological, biochemical and chemical properties in soil. Among the pesticides used in the study, the performance of the herbicide was favorable in all respect